Comparing Organization and Behavior between Nestle and HSBC

Comparing Organization and Behavior between cling to and HSBCNestle was install in 1866 by Hentri Nestle.Sales for 2009 were CHF 108 bn.Number of employees around 280000 hoi polloi and arrive factories almost every country in the world.The telephoners precedence is to bring the best and most relevant products to sight, wheresoever they ar,whatever their ineluctably throughout their lives.The companys strategy is guided by several fundamental principles.Today Nestle present different markets in different main brands.-coffee,ice-cream,other beverages same(p) Milo,diary-shelf stable nestle,dairy-chilled nestle, infant nutrition, deed nutrition, healthc ar-nutrition, soups,sause(pasta,seasoning), frozen foods, refrigerated products, chocolate,confectionary and biscuits.Introduction to the HSBC-Hong-kong and Shanghal Banking Corporation (HSBC) is a public limited company that is headquarted in London, England.The HSBC was founded in Hong-kong,china but was force to happen upon to London in 1992.It is the largest banking group in the world. It has many locations world-wide.Chester Barnard(1938) defined an brass section as a organization of co-operative human activities.Organizational behaviour is the study and application of intimacy about how people, individuals and groups act in organisations.The boldnesss base rests on warinesss philosophy,Values,vision and goals.The purification determines the types of lead, communication and group dynamics inwardly the organization.The operate oners perceive this as the quality of conk out conduct which directs their degree of need.The final outcome argon performance,individual satisfaction and ad hominem growth and development. All these elements combine to build the model or frame wrench that the organization operates from..Organizational complex body partAccording Stoner et al., (1995 315) organization coordinate refers to The federal agency in which an organizations activities atomic number 18 d ivided, organized and co-ordinated. Therefore the mental synthesis of an organization establishes how work is allocated and instructionledhow people and activities are grouped togetherand the channels through which authority and communication are distributed within the organizationBoth HSBC and Nestle organizations have formal organisational structures.the objective is to survive,maximize their profits and to expand their business.The strategic management enables to achieve competitive advantage and competitive position in global market.The formal organization structure befriends to achieve many objectives.To link individuals in an established network of relationshipsTo group together the task required to fulfill the objectives of the organization as a whole, and to allocated them to adapted individuals for groupsTo allocated individuals or groups the authority they required to perform their functions as well as the responsibility to account for their supervisorsThis creates a h ierarchy of command,whereby authority flows downward from senior to separately level of the organizationTo enable the flow of work,information and other resources through the organization via clear lines of co-operation and communication.There are many factors which in influences the structure of organization.1. Organizations size- as an organization gets larger its structure gets more complex.Therefore specification and subdivision are required.Both HSBC and Nestle are global organizations.They are very large in size.2. Organizations task- the nature of its work.Nestle is a nutrition,helth and wellness company and HSBC is one of the largest financial and banking services industries in the global environment.3. Organizations staff the expertnesss and abilities of staff will determine how the work is structured and the degree of supervising required.The staff of the Nestle is lots larger than HSBC because in HSBC most of the things are automated.but in Nestle most of the work has to be done by human.4. Legal, commercial, technical and social environment of organization- both are legal and technology is very mettlesome.And both companies related to people in two ways.In an organizational structure span of control is a nonher in-chief(postnominal) thing.That authority the crook of subordinate immediately reporting to a superior official.Nestle have narrow span of control because it has a large number of levels of management hierarchy and HSBC have a wide span of control because it has a small number of hierarchical levels.Other all-important(prenominal) thing is finis make.If the decisions making doing by the top levels of the organization it is called centralization and if it is doing throughout all levels of the organization then it is called decentralization.Nestle company believes beardown(prenominal)ly in decentralization.In the racing shell of HSBC,also decentralized and all branches of it controlled by a central committee.But it also subdivi ded on national and domestic market.Both companies are departmentalized on functional basis.There are sixer functional departmentaion within NestleMarketingFinancePackagingSalesResearch and developmentAdministrationOrganizational cultureOrganizational culture varies from organization to organization.It is difficult to define organizational culture. Deal Kennedy., (19824) defined organizational culture as The way things get done around here and J.A Stoner,R.E Freeman D.R Gilbrert defined it as Organizational culture is the bound of important understanding such as norms , values, attitudes and beliefs shared by organizational members.Culture of an organization depends on the management flare and organizational structures that are used.It could be1. Role culture-This tells how rules and regulations associated with employees and it is best suited for hierarchy organizational structure.2. Task culture-This encourage the people to work as a team.3. Power culture-This is in matrix s tructure and it is based on one dominant.4. Person culture-This s based on person in the organization to help and support in their workHSBC have an numberive strong organizational culture.As a part of this the management has initiated localization policies which are opened for most higher(prenominal) levels within operating to nationals that enables the company to top high-quality employee from different part of world.Within the organization culture of HSBC it is highly regarded for work-ethic endorsement.This involves the careful screening of employee with the necessary skills and high potential for improvement.Nestle have a organizational culture which vary from country to country because it is a food related organization.Nestle has grave valuesIt also commitment to a strong work,ethics,integrity,honesty and quality.The ad hominem relationships are based specialy on trust and mutual repect.This implies sociable attitude towards others.Pride in contributing to the performance of the company.Effect of structure and culture on business performanceThe relationship between organizational culture and structure is an important.But it is difficult to distinguish from one another.They are very much intertwined.Peter F Druker, a prominent writer of management,politics,economy and society(1995190) highlighted organization structure is an indispensable means and the wrong structure will seriously impair business performance and may even destroy it Thus success or failure of out come of the organization depends on organizational structure.How management works,which specific responsibilities supervisors have,How a complaint is passed through the ranks all these issues within the organizational culture that are directly tied to how an organizational structure works.The degree to which tasks in the organization are subdivided into separate jobs( work specialization ) help to rags efficient use of employee skills and it will increases employee skills through repetition.A lso wider spans of management increases organizational efficiency. Departmentalization of organization also helps to give efficient work and facilitates group work.The effect of the organizational culture are depending on whether the company has a strong culture or a weak culture.Therefore a strong organization culture will help take everyone more efficient and successful.If the members in the organization accept the core values and commit to those values, then the culture in that organization is strong when the culture is strong it will then influence on the behaviour of its members as a whole.This influence the behaviour of everyone within the organization.Strong cultures not only have a great impact on the behaviour of employees but also have a positive effect on the performance of the organization.Therefore strong culture lead organizations towards high performance and success.Approaches to managementOrganizations are comprised of managers and operatives.Operatives work directly on the work they have been assign and are not responsible to oversee the work of others.But managers are responsible for the activities of others to ensure that things are going on as planned.The functions of management traditionally take onplanning,organizing, commanding,co-ordinatng and control.But Managers job asshole not defined exactly.The structure of HSBC provide more efficient management over the whole organization.The management decisions within the organization are more flexible.Also as a part of strategic management HSBC has also been able to constantly stock of its workforce and assess their performance in fire job.The managers of HSBC also given extensive development and training.In Nestle the members at management level are more refer with continuously adding value to the company than exercising formal authority.The managers of Nestle should be able to motivate and develop people using their own techniques and openminded as well as a high level of interest in oth er cultures and life styles.Effectiveness of leadingLeadership is an important factor to a group or an organization to make it effective.Management and Leadership are interchangeable.Leadership can be identified as the process of attempt to direct and fore others to achieve objective or objectives of the groups or organizations.Leadership styles are illustrates by theories of drawing cardship.Leadership styles can be defined as the way in which the functions of leadership are carried out the way in which the leader typically behaves towards members of the group or the organization.In other words leader styles are the patterns of behaviours which a leader adopts in influencing behaviour of his/ her followers.The different styles of leadership areAutocratic leadership styleDemocratic leadership styleLaissez fair leadership styleAutocratic or authoritarian styleUnder this leadership styles all decision making powers are centralized in the leader.They do not entertain any suggestions o r initiatives from subordinates.It provide strong motivation to the manager.It permits quick decision making as only one person decides for the whole group and keeps each decision to him self until he feels it is needed to be shared with the rest of the group.Participative or democratic styleThis can be seen as the opposite of the autocratic leadership style.In this style group functions as a whole and thither are number of interoperations.That means the functions of leadership are divided among members of the group or the members of the organization.They win the co0operation of their group and can motivate them effectively and positively.Laissez-fair or free rein styleIn this the leader assumes that all members of the group or the organization will perform well.Such leader allows maximum freedom to subordinates. Therefore the leader dose not interfere to the works of the members.But if the members need any help, the leader provides the necessary assistance.This is different from a situation where the leader is not considering about his functions and trying to avoid worry situations.The effectiveness of the above leadership styles may different from one situation to another situation.The success of a leader is measured by output or productivity of the group they lead but success is not effectiveness.If the subordinate follows the leader because of his position power,the leader is successful but not effective.The leader leads to a successful response and subordinate does the job because it is personally rewarding, it can be seen that the leader has not only positional power but also personal power.Then subordinates respect the leader and they are willing to compare realizing that the leaders request is consistent with some personal goal.Then it can be identified that the leader is effective.The factors modify leadership effectiveness.The characteristics of leaderPersonality,attitudes,value system of the leaderThe relationship between leader and the groupChar acteristics of subordinates/group membersThe nature of the work organizationRelationship among subordinates/group members penury and Motivational TheoriesA work place has members of group and the group has to achieve an objective or objectives.Thus the objectives or objectives can be achieved by the combined endeavour of its group members.For this effort to achieve objective or objectives expeditiously and effectively,motivation of the group members should be there.Therefore it is necessary to know how to motivate group members of workplace.There are different theories of motivation attempted to explain the nature of motivation.These theories show that there are many motives that influence peoples behaviour.There are four theories of motivationMaslows Hierachy of needfully TheoryHerzbergs cardinal Factor TheoryAlderfers Modified Needs TheoryMcClellands Achievement Motivation Theory1. Maslows Hierachy of Needs TheoryThis motivation theory developed by Abraham Maslow and correspo nd to him people is being with needs and what they want depends on what they already have.He suggests that human needs are arranged in a series of levels depicting a hierarchy of importance.That is why theory is called as hierarchy of needs theory.Self-Actualization Need assess NeedLove NeedSafety Needsphysiologic NeedsPyramidal diagram for Maslows Hierarchy of NeedsPhysiological Needs- In this need people try to satisfy their basic need for food, shelter and clothing.In work place if a person is paid enough salary to maintain above needs then employee engage with work willingly.Safety Needs-When physiological needs satisfied to reasonable level next important level is safety need.If they satisfied with safety needs people can be motivated by introducing pension schemes and by introducing projects for labour safety.Love Needs-Then they expect love and affection.When a leader know that such need to be prevailing within members of his/her workplace,the leader can be used following str ategies.Providing opportunities for group entertainmentPut them to work in groupsLet them to more with groups in which they have affection esteem Needs-At this level employee are concern with self respect,self confidence,a feeling of personal worth feelings of being unique and recognition.Here motivation can be exercised by providing positional status,appreciating,giving awards and so forthSelf-Actualization Needs-This is the highest need and it is the need to minimize ones potential,whatever it may be.Here the individual can be motivated by maximizing the benefits provided to the person earlier in line with personal goals.2. Herzbergs Two Factor TheoryHerzberg identified that there were two sets of factors affecting motivation and work.He introduced these factors as hygiene factor and motivators.Hygiene/Maintenance factor- Herzberg identified pay,job security,status, work environment,rules and regulations,nature of interpersonal relations and personal esteems as hygiene factors.By this factor dissatisfaction will be able to eliminate because this factor is related job context and they concerned with job environment and extrinsic to the job itself.Motivators/Growth factor- Herzberg identified recognition,responsibility,room for development and work place as motivator factors.It will lead to motivate employees.That means motivators are serve to motivation individual to superior effort and high level of performance.These are related to job content of the work itself.In a work place according to this theory by providing hygiene factors dissatisfaction of the employees can be removed and by providing motivators,employees can be kept satisfied.3. Alderfers Modified Needs TheoryThis theory was introduced by Alderferand by this theory he condensed five levels of needs as Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theory into three levels of core needs.They areExistenceRelatednessGrowthMaslows Hierachy of Needs TheoryAlderfers Modified Needs Hierachy TeoryPhysiological NeedsEsistenc e NeedsSafety needsRelatedness NeedsLove NeedsEsteem NeedsGrowth NeedsSelf-Actualization NeedsRelationship between Maslows hierarchy of needs theory and Alderfers special needs hierarchy theoryAccording to the Alderfers modified needs hierarchy theory an individual is motivated to safety,one or more basic sets of needs.Therefore if a persons needs at a particular level are blocked then attention should be focused on the satisfaction of needs at the other levels4.McClellands Achievement Motivation TheoryThis theory was presented by McClellands and colleagues and they identified three main arousal based and socially developed motives.They areNeeds for AffiliationNeeds for PowerNeeds for AchievementIn this theory they identified the liking for friendly and close interpersonal relationship as needs for affiliation.The need to make others behave in a way that they would not behave otherwise was identified the derive to excel to achieve in relation to set of standards and to strive to s ucceed as needs for achievement.Ho Individual behaviour at workH However relative intensity of afflation power and achievement motives varies among individuals Mc Celland and his colleagues identified 3 common characteristics among people with high achievement needs.These characteristics were 1. The preferences for personal responsibility2. The setting of moderate goals3. The desire for concrete feedbackIn a work place to achieve goal efficiently the setting of moderate gal is important because the task should be easy to achieve with a little challenge and feed back is necessary for self evaluation.Feedback enables to determine success or failure in the accomplishment of their goals and to derive satisfaction from their activities.In an organizations individuals/members are another important element.Within an organization the social system includes all the people in it and their relationship to each other and to the outside world.The behaviour of an individual can have an impact eit her directly or indirectly on the behaviour of others.The major factors which influence individual behaviour at work is as followsDemographicfactors-Those are socio-economic background, education, nationality,age,sex etc..Normally organization prefer persons that belong to good socio-economic background,well educated and young person than others because they believe that they high work performances.Ability and skills-Ability can be defined as the individual can do and skill can be defined as the ability to act in a way to perform well.Therefore individual behaviour is highly influence by the abilities and skills to give a good performance.Personality-This can be defined as the characteristics of an individuals thoughts,feelings and behaviours.Heredity,family,society,culture and situation are factors which influence personality.It helps individuals in directing their effort and motivating them for achieving of the organizational goal.Attitude-The other most important factor is attitu de of an individual.It can be defined as a tendency to respond favorably or unfavorably to certain states.Three basic components are containing in attitudes. They are Knowledge and beliefs-Feelings and desire Volition and willPerception-This can be defined as the psychological process by which incoming data are selected and organized into patterns which are meaningful to the individual.Group behaviour within an organizationA group can be defined as a collection of individuals to achieve a common goal/task.The members of the group are depending on each other Groups have become the core unit in many organizations.The group can be small or large to form a group there must be more than two individuals but there is no specific limit for the maximum number.It depend on the objective of the group.In an organization there are rules an regulations which control the activities of group.Also group influence their members attitudes and behaviour.Therefore groups are inseparable from organizati on.Group help to increase organization stability and it facilitate changes in organization procedures and policies.Therefore there is important impact of groups on organizational effectiveness.Group dynamics describe about group formation,norms, decision making,contributing. Therefore it shows how a group should be organized,operated and conducted.It is a set of techniques.Teamwork is very important in an organization to achieve its goals.An effective team always have clear team goals that encourage team members to replace priority of individual goals with that of team one Also there should be effective team leader who can motivate team members even in difficult situation.Effective teamwork can be archived through effective team building and teamwork is always beneficial for organizations.Teamwork increases flexibility and speed of the work because one task s is done by more than one individual with deferent skills.Stephen R. Covey define teams in organizations as An empowered organ izations is one in which individuals have the knowledge, skill, desire and opportunity to personally succeed in a way that leads to collective organizational success..

Steps in Strategic Planning

bars in Strategic readyingStrategic Planning Model some(prenominal) books and articles describe how best to do strategical prep, and publicy go to much greater lengths than this planning response sheet, still our purpose here is to present the fundamental frequency move that must be taken in the strategic planning process. Below is a brief description of the quintuple step in the process. These steps atomic number 18 a recommendation, but non the only recipe for creating a strategic plan other sources may recommend entirely different steps or variations of these steps. However, the steps outlined below describe the basic work that needs to be done and the typical products of the process. Thoughtful and creative planners will extend spice to the mix or elegance to the presentation in order to develop a strategic plan that best suits their brass instrumentStep hotshot Getting ReadyTo get ready for strategic planning, an face must first assess if it is ready. While a nu mber of issues must be address in assessing readiness, the determination essenti eachy comes down to whether an organizations leaders are truly committed to the childbed, and whether they are able to devote the necessary attention to the big picture. For example, if a funding crisis looms, the founder is active to depart, or the environment is turbulent, then it does not make sense to take time out for strategic planning effort at that time.An organization that determines it is indeed ready to begin strategic planning must perform five tasks to pave the way for an organized process advert specific issues or choices that the planning process should addressclarify roles (who does what in the process) bugger off just about a Planning Committeedevelop an organizational profile bring out the information that must be collected to help make sound decisions.The product developed at the end of the Step One is a Workplan.Step Two Articulating Mission and VisionA tutelage statement is li ke an introductory paragraph it lets the reader know where the writer is going, and it also shows that the writer knows where he or she is going. Likewise, a mission statement must communicates the essence of an organization to the reader. An organizations king to articulate its mission indicates its focus and purposefulness. A mission statement typically describes an organization in terms of itsPurpose why the organization exists, and what it seeks to accomplishBusiness the main method or activity through which the organization tries it assemble this purposeValues the principles or beliefs that involve an organizations members as they pursue the organizations purposeWhereas the mission statement summarizes the what, how, and why of an organizations work, a imagination statement presents an image of what supremacy will look like. For example, the mission statement of the Support Centers of America is as followsThe mission of the Support Centers of America is to increase the effectiveness of the nonprofit sector by providing management consulting, training and research. Our guiding principles are promote client independence, expand cultural proficiency, collaborate with others, ensure our own competence, act as one organization.We look an ever increasing global movement to restore and revitalize the quality of life in local communities. The Support Centers of America will be a recognized contributor and leader in that movement.With mission and vision statements in hand, an organization has taken an strategic step towards creating a shared, coherent idea of what it is strategically planning for.At the end of Step Two, a draft mission statement and a draft vision statement is developed.Step Three Assessing the touchOnce an organization has committed to why it exists and what it does, it must take a clear-eyed look at its current situation. Remember, that part of strategic planning, thinking, and management is an cognizance of resources and an eye to the future environment, so that an organization can successfully respond to changes in the environment. Situation assessment, therefore, means obtaining current information about the organizations strengths, weaknesses, and proceeding information that will highlight the critical issues that the organization faces and that its strategic plan must address. These could include a variety of primary concerns, such as funding issues, in the buff program opportunities, changing regulations or changing needs in the client population, and so on. The tiptop is to choose the most important issues to address. The Planning Committee should curb on no more than five to ten critical issues around which to organize the strategic plan.The products of Step Three include a data fanny of quality information that can be used to make decisions and a list of critical issues which demand a response from the organization the most important issues the organization needs to deal with.Step Four Develop ing Strategies, Goals, and ObjectivesOnce an organizations mission has been affirmed and its critical issues identified, it is time to figure out what to do about them the broad approaches to be taken (strategies), and the general and specific results to be sought (the goals and objectives). Strategies, goals, and objectives may come from individual inspiration, convocation discussion, formal decision-making techniques, and so on but the bottom line is that, in the end, the leadership agrees on how to address the critical issues.This can take considerable time and flexibility discussions at this stage much will require additional information or a reevaluation of conclusions reached during the situation assessment. It is even possible that new insights will emerge which change the thrust of the mission statement. It is important that planners are not afraid to go back to an earlier step in the process and take advantage of available information to create the best possible plan.The product of Step Four is an outline of the organizations strategic directions the general strategies, long-range goals, and specific objectives of its response to critical issues.Step Five end the Written PlanThe mission has been articulated, the critical issues identified, and the goals and strategies agreed upon. This step essentially involves putting all that down on paper. Usually one member of the Planning Committee, the executive director, or even a planning consultant will draft a final planning document and submit it for review to all key decision makers (usually the board and senior round). This is also the time to consult with senior staff to determine whether the document can be translated into operating plans (the resultant detailed action plans for accomplishing the goals proposed by the strategic plan) and to ensure that the plan answers key questions about priorities and directions in sufficient detail to serve as a guide. Revisions should not be dragged out for months, but action should be taken to answer any important questions that are raised at this step. It would certainly be a mistake to bury conflict at this step just to wrap up the process more quickly, because the conflict, if serious, will inevitably undermine the potency of the strategic directions chosen by the planning committee.The product of Step Five is a strategic planWhats in a vision statement?From http//www.allianceonline.org/faqs.htmlMartin Luther King, Jr. said, I throw away a dream, and what followed was a vision that changed a nation. That famous speech is a dramatic example of the power that can be generated by a person who communicates a compelling vision of the future.Management author Tom Peters identified a clear vision of the desired future state of the organization as an essential component of high performance.Widely-read organizational development author Warren Bennis identified a handful of traits that made great leaders great. Among them is the ability to create a vision.So, What Is a Vision and How Do I Get One?A vision is a guiding image of success form in terms of a contribution to society. If a strategic plan is the blueprint for an organizations work, then the vision is the artists rendering of the achievement of that plan. It is a description in words that conjures up a similar picture for each member of the group of the destination of the groups work together.There is one universal rule of planning You will never be greater than the vision that guides you. No Olympic athlete ever got to the Olympics by mistake a compelling vision of his or her stellar performance inevitably guides all the sweat and tears for many years. The vision statement should require the organizations members to stretch their expectations, aspirations, and performance. Without that powerful, attractive, valuable vision, why bother?How a Vision is UsedJohn Bryson, the author of Strategic Planning for Public and Nonprofit Organizations, states that typicall y, a vision is more important as a guide to implementing strategy than it is to formulating it. This is because the development of strategy is driven by what you are trying to accomplish, your organizations purposes. A mission statement answers the questions Why does our organization exist? What business are we in? What values will guide us? A vision, however, is more encompassing. It answers the question, What will success look like? It is the pursuit of this image of success that genuinely motivates people to work together.A vision statement should be realistic and credible, well articulated and easily understood, appropriate, ambitious, and responsive to change. It should orient the groups energies and serve as a guide to action. It should be consistent with the organizations values. In short, a vision should challenge and inspire the group to achieve its mission.The Impact of VisionJohn F. Kennedy did not suffer to see the achievement of his vision for NASA, but he set it in m otion when he said, By the end of the decade, we will put a man on the moon. That night, when the moon came out, we could all look out the window and imagine And when it came time to appropriate the enormous funds necessary to accomplish this vision, Congress did not hesitate. Why? Because this vision spoke powerfully to values Americans held dear America as a pioneer and America as world leader.In an awing longitudinal study on goal setting, Yale University surveyed the graduating class of 1953 on commencement day, to determine if they had written goals for what they wanted their lives to become. Only three percent had such a vision. In 1973, the surviving members of the class of 1953 were surveyed again. The three percent who had a vision for what they wished their lives would become had accumulated greater wealth than the other 97 percent combined. capital wealth, a man on the moon, brother and sisterhood among the races of the globe what is your organizations vision?Shared Visi onTo a leader, the genesis of the dream is unimportant. The great leader is the handmaid of the dream, the bearer of the myth, the story teller. It is the idea (vision) that unites people in the common effort, not the charisma of the leader, writes Robert Greenleaf in Leadership Crisis. He goes on to writeOptimal performance rests on the existence of a powerful shared vision that pullulates through wide participation to which the key leader contributes, but which the use of authority cannot shape. The running game of greatness of a dream is that it has the energy to lift people out of their moribund ways to a level of being and relating from which the future can be faced with more hope than most of us can summon today.The Process for Creating a VisionLike much of strategic planning, creating a vision begins with and relies heavily on intuition and dreaming.As part of the process, you may brainstorm with your staff or your board what you would like to accomplish in the future. Ta lk about and write down the values that you share in pursuing that vision. Different ideas do not have to be a problem. People can promote each other on to more daring and valuable dreams and visions dreams of changing the world that they are willing to work hard for.The vision may evolve throughout a strategic planning process. Or, it may form in one persons head in the shower one morning The important point is that members of an organization without a vision may toil, but they cannot possibly be creative in finding new and better ways to get walk-to(prenominal) to a vision without that vision formally in place. Nonprofit organizations, with many of their staff and board members actively looking for ways to achieve a vision, have a powerful competitive and strategic advantage over organizations that operate without a vision.Perceptions of Ideal Futures An Exercise in Forming VisionThis section outlines an exercise you may employ to assist your organization in defining its own vi sion. By using this exercise to develop your organizational vision, you may be better sure that the vision statement that is developed is a shared vision.At a retreat, or even at a board meeting or staff meeting, take an hour to explore your vision. Breaking into small groups helps increase participation and generate creativity. Agree on a rough time frame, say five to ten years. Ask people to think about the following questions How do you want your community to be different? What role do you want your organization to play in your community? What will success look like?Then ask each group to come up with a illustration for your organization, and to draw a picture of success Our organization is like a mariachi band all playing the same music together, or like a train pulling important cargo and laying the track as we go, or . The value of metaphors is that people get to stretch their minds and experiment with different ways of thinking about what success means to them.Finally, h ave all the groups share their pictures of success with each other. One person should facilitate the discussion and help the group discuss what they mean and what they hope for. Look for areas of agreement, as well as different ideas that emerge. The goal is to find language and imagery that your organizations members can relate to as their vision for success.Caution Do not try to write a vision statement with a group. (Groups are great for many things, but indite is not one of them). Ask one or two people to try drafting a vision statement based on the groups discussion, bring it back to the group, and revise it until you have something that your members can agree on and that your leaders share with enthusiasm.

A Postmodernist View Of International Relations Politics Essay

A Postmodernist View Of International Relations Politics Essay most scholars argue that alternative approaches to IR scheme befuddle not made any significant contri tranquilizeions to the theorization of IR. Moreover, these approaches lead our IR theory into disorder and we argon left with a wishing of direction. However, focusing on Postmodernism, we find it has produced the idea of the federal agency- experience relationship to criticize the absolute truth which is proposed by Positivism, and similarly pull up stakess us with different systemologies such as genealogy, text, narrative, discourse, deconstructionismism and twin tuition to explain initiation politics. Besides, Postmodernism has utilized a variety of methods such as deconstruction of text to overcome the theories and concepts that people believe (Der Derian and Shapiro, 1989).In the past international theory has been dominated by four main theories Realism, Liberalism, Marxism and Constructivism. However, in the last two decades at that place has been a dramatic change to this picture. A range of new approaches has developed to aid understanding of world politics. In the context of globalization, even Realism seems inadequate to explain issues like the rise of non-state actors, identicalness politics, transnational social movements and information technology. The new major development is not entirely underway in the academic discipline of social science and also in the philosophy of social science, in a movement known as Positivism. Thus many alternative ways of thinking just about the social sciences have been proposed and since the picture of IR theory has changed a series of alternative approaches has emerged as more relevant to world politics in the 20 first century (Smith S, 2008).Until the late 1980s, most social scientists in International Relations tended to be Positivists. But since then Positivism has been under attack. The assumptions made by Positivism met with dissen t as criticism of the IR theories led by Positivism began to emerge (Smith S, 2008). This is the so-called the third debate (Ashley R., 1987 1990 Walker R. B. J., 1993). It can also be called the Positivism and Post-Positivism debate (Lapid Y., 1989 Jim G., 1990 Smith S., 1995).. The dissent from Positivism prominently contains Feminism, Critical theory, Post-colonialism, Poststructuralism and Postmodernism. Their common idea is that they all see the world as virtuallything outdoor(a) to the IR theory (Smith S., 2008).Postmodernism is the term used by sociologists and early(a)s to describe a way of thinking that has become pervasive in the Western world in the last twenty-five years. It is an approach to reality that is having a significant effect on architecture, art, education, law, literature, psychotherapy, science, theatre, and the study of history and peoples view of religion (Exploring Christianity-Truth, n.d.). It reached IR theory in the mid-1980s, merely can only be sa id to have really arrived in the past fifteen years (Smith S., 2008).The term Postmodernism first entered the philosophical lexicon in 1979, with the publication of The Postmodern Condition by Jean-Franois Lyotard (Stanford Encyclopedia of philosophy, 2005). Other significant writers who have promoted Postmodernism are De Man, Elshtain, Geoffrey Hartman, Harold Bloom, Michel Foucault, J. Hillis Miller, Jacques Derrida, Habermas, Richard Rorty and Rob Walker. Postmodernists who have made heavy contributions to IR theory are Richard Ashley, James Der Derian, David Campbell and William Connolly. Its origins are found in the philosophies of Nietzsche, Heidegger, Marx and Freud (Exploring Christianity-Truth, n.d. Smith S., 2008).As cited in Stanford Encyclopedia of philosophy (2005), That Postmodernism is indefinable is a truism. However, it can be set forth as a set of critical, strategic and rhetorical practices employing concepts such as difference, repetition, the trace, the simula crum, and hyperreality to destabilize other concepts such as presence, identity, historical progress, epistemic sure thing, and the univocity of meaning. Until today at that place is no fit definition for the Postmodernism because it appears to be so open a theory that not even its advocates can agree upon how to decide it (Geuras D., 2002). Some define Postmodernism as distrustful of all authority and dogmatism. Jean-Franois Lyotard defined it as incredulity towards metanarratives and essentialism (1984 xxiv).The following paragraphs will discuss the significant contributions that Postmodernism brings to IR theory and use the methods that Postmodernists provide to deconstruct the Iraq war.1. Power-Knowledge relationship and the non-existence of absolute truthPostmodernists emphasized the power-knowledge relationship and criticized the notion dominant in rationalist theories and Positivism that knowledge is irrelevant to the working of power they also opposed the existence of abs olute truth.From the rationalists and Positivists perspective, knowledge is not related to power and truth exists. However, Michel Foucault (1977, 1978, 1984, and 1994) totally disagreed with this idea and argued that power in fact produces knowledge. there is a well-known saying from Foucault that All power requires knowledge and all knowledge relies on and reinforces existing power relations. Thus, no truth exists outside power. To paraphrasis Foucaults idea, Smith (2008) provided another saying, how can history have a truth if truth has a history? Whilst Marxism, -Sandpoint feminism Critical theory and Freudian analytic thinking all support the existence of some fundamental truth about the world, Postmodernism still quarrels with direct access to truth.This aspect is stated most clearly by Stanley Grenz (1995) in a Primer on Postmodernism Postmodernism affirms that whatever we accept as truth and even the way we envision truth are dependent on the community in which we particip ate . . . There is no absolute truth rather truth is relative to the community in which we participate (summarized in doyen G., 2002).The Postmodernists use Foucaults approach which is known as genealogy to register and expose the significance of history in the light of this relationship amongst power and knowledge. genealogy helps us to attend the process whereby the origins and regimes of truth edge out other discourse and are constructed into the so-called truth. Postmodernism focuses on how fragmental facts dominate others in in truth concrete ways (see, for example, Edwards P. 1996 Devetak R., 1996, pp.184-188). Postmodernists apply the genealogy approach to doubt the unity and certainty of national identity and explain how the existing appearance of unity and certainty is not natural but artificially constructed (Huang C. C., 2009 pp.138).Richard Devetak (1996) has mentioned that different configurations of power and knowledge give rise to different conceptions of sovereignt y, statehood and intervention. Postmodernists always focus on counter-histories, seldom confront the impossible-to-get-to truth, but emphasize the existence of multi-histories, not just the one gramme-history (cited in Plling-Vocke B., 2005b).Take the ongoing war in Iraq for example it could be an interest field of study for Postmodernists to think about its shifting justifications. The US administrations purpose in making war upon Iraq has shifted from Iraqs disarmament to the spread of democracy. Public support from US citizens is essential throughout the ongoing war in the aftermath of 9/11 and Operation Enduring Freedom (Afghanistan and the Philippines), and it is reasonable to explain that the power-knowledge relationship contributes to the absence seizure of outcry from US people. People have no heart and soul to access what they do not know about (Plling-Vocke B., 2005b).2. Divergent methodologies on analyzing textIn addition to elaborating the power-knowledge relationship , Postmodernists are also concerned with the textual interplay behind power politics (Plling-Vocke B., 2005b Derrida J., 1976). They believe that the world needs to be understood as a text, and all references to it are interpretative. Postmodernists claim that the best explanation for the text does not exist because the world is plural and explanations must be plural (Luo Li, 2009). All the interpretations of the world are meaningful and equal thus they use many ways to realize the world, and Postmodernists use techniques such as deconstruction and double culture in explaining the text (world) (Smith S., 2001 240).2.1 DeconstructionPostmodernists suggest deconstruction as a method of showing how all discourses and theories depend on artificial stabilities produced by means of plainly objective and natural oppositions as well as a way to help us realize that there is not only one but always more than one truth behind an event (Smith S., 2008).A good summary of postmodern thinking is given by Os Guinness in Fit Bodies, Fat MindsWhere modernism was a manifesto of human self-confidence and self-congratulation, Postmodernism is a confession of modesty, if not despair. There is no truth, only truths. There are no principles, only preferences. There is no grand reason, only reasons. There is no privileged civilization, only a multiple of cultures, beliefs, periods, and styles. There is no grand narrative of human progress, only countless stories of where people and their cultures are now. There is no simple reality or any grand objectivity of universal, dislocated knowledge, only a ceaseless representation of everything in terms of everything else. In sum, Postmodernismis an extreme form of Relativism. (Cited in Exploring Christianity)People always accept language or concepts constructed with the concept of double star opposition (such as black/ white, public/ private, right/ wrong, male/ female, homosexuality/ heterosexuality) as a matter of course. Constructivi sts make one of the binary privileged over the other by means of degrading the latter one. For example, in order to diminish white, Constructivists enhance the value of black (Luo Li, 2009). This concept is usually used in contemporary political systems. When a dominant authority intends to intensify the reliability of a certain interpretation with respect to an event, it puts down the other possible but contrary interpretation.Jacques Derrida, a French Postmodern philosopher, originated the idea of deconstruction (Cky J. Carrigan, 1996). He himself found it difficult to explain the concept, and perhaps the clearest and most compendious definition comes from The Gale Cengage glossaryA method of literary criticismcharacterized by multiple conflicting interpretations of a given work. Deconstructionists consider the impact of the language of a work and suggest that the true meaning of the work is not necessarily the meaning that the author intended.Whilst the approach has been massi vely criticized and indeed ridiculed, for example by Anthony J. Fejfar (2006a, 2006b), it is an important tool in understanding what a text may be hiding. What Postmodernists try to do is to use deconstruction approaches to taste the truths behind an event that have been forgotten or deleted, and to explore the idea that a text is not a discrete whole but includes several irreconcilable and contradictory meanings there is always more than one interpretation behind an event.Through the process of deconstruction, several explanations for the first occurrence of war in Iraq are revealed. From the standpoint of the Iraki government, it was a matter of getting back their territory. For the elite members of an Iraq army group, it seemed a good opportunity for praiseworthy achievement. From an Iraqi generals perspective, it was a good opportunity for promotion. On the other hand, the women of Baghdad who suffered and became homeless may have attributed the terrible war to their fate or t o America or may have seen it as a punishment from Allah. English and Egyptian soldiers may have seen different truths behind the war. American Ex president G.H.W. Bush claimed that the purpose of the Gulf war was to prohibit the emergence of a dictator like Hitler in Middle East area (Nicholson M., 1998 Yuen H.L., 2006).The deconstruction approach can be used again to seek out more than one truth about the Second Gulf war in 2003. On 5th of February, 2003 United States Secretary of State, Colin Luther Powell proclaimed that the promulgation of war was because of Iraqs possession of Weapons of Mass Destruction. The American government claimed that they were going to destroy the connection between Saddam Husseins Government and Al Qaida terrorists. American Ex President George Bush claimed that the war was inevitable in order to turn Iraq into a democratic nation. Some scholars argued that America intended to plunder Iraqs large oil reserves (Cited in Chui A.T., n.d.).The America n administration tends to exclude many other possible interpretations of an event by only presenting the most favorable one with the assistance of the media (Nicholson M., 1998 Yuen H.L., 2006). magic spell G. Bush refers to good and evil and frames the world in such terms, techniques as used during the Cold war, Postmodernists argue that neither term is pure or complete, but only becomes so in contrast to the other (Plling-Vocke B., 2005b). Behind any event there is always more than one truth, as with the Gulf War and the 9/11 terrorism attacks on the New York Trade Centre the reason broadcast to the world by the American administration was not the only one. The American government tends to intensify the reliability of certain interpretations with respect to these two events, and puts down the other possible but contrary interpretation. There are still lots of truths behind these wars that have not been exposed Postmodernists try to use deconstruction to excavate truths (Nicholson M., 1998 Yuen H.L., 2006).2.2 Double ReadingDouble reading is the other means used by Postmodernists to read a text more deeply and realize how there is always more than one reading. After the 1980s, Postmodernists started to use this method to analyze aspects of world politics like the lawlessness problematique of dominant IR theory (Ashley R., 1988) and to explain international events such as the Kosovo War, the Gulf War or Nazi issues.Double reading and deconstruction are both methodologies used by Postmodernists to focus on texts and help us to realize that there is no absolute truth. These two ways of elaborating texts are both from Derrida. Derrida used this technique to show how these stabilizations operate by subjecting the text to two readings. The first time of the reading is only a repetition of the dominant concept and text and shows how it achieves its coherence (Smith S., 2008). The second time of reading is trying to read the text deeper and find the straightforward contradictions from the first reading. All ideas in the text via the first reading seem natural stabilization however, utilizing the second reading can help scholars to find some differences. From the double reading approach, people can realize that this way of reading the same text can reveal not only one seemingly natural idea but also can explore the other, contradictory ones.Double reading is a useful, Postmodernist tool to illustrate the shortcomings of the dominant analytic languages. For example, the anarchy problematique- no existence of central government or hegemonic nation in the world- rests on a series of questionable, theoretical suppositions or exclusions, and sovereignty and anarchy are mutually exclusive concepts, which have to be deconstructed (Plling-Vocke B. , 2005b). In International Relation Theory, Richard Ashley has performed exactly such a double reading of the concept of anarchy(on the state-level). He first provided the reading of anarchy based on hande d-down IR theories and then went through the second reading which showed that the seemingly natural opposition between anarchy and sovereignty in the first reading is in fact false opposition. Ashley showed that the truth of the traditional assumptions made about anarchy is arbitrary (Smith S., 2008). magical spell the dominating, orthodox analytical languages of the modernist project analyze the war in Iraq in neo-realistic terms, Postmodernism would use double readings to make visible the assumptions underlying such interpretations (Plling-Vocke B., 2005b).Double reading is a useful tool for analyzing the post-war-war (May 2003 onwards) and illustrating that the reality is not as it is perceived by mainstream media (Plling-Vocke B., 2005a). Postmodernists would also focus on analyzing the different interpretations of current affairs in Iraq and other world affairs.ConclusionPost-Positivism movements including Critical theory, Feminism, Post-colonialism, Poststructuralism and Postm odernism (which are so-called alternative approaches of IR theory) emerged as a reaction to the methodology led by Positivists and rationalists. .Some scholars have argued that Postmodernism does not have anything significant to contribute to the theorization of International Relations. Not only that, it also leads IR theory into chaos. However, the supporting evidence presented in this essay suggests that Postmodernism effectively provides many different ways of explaining and understanding systems of world politics.Postmodernism can be described as a challenge to the prevailing contemporaneousness project. It focuses on counter-hegemonic-theories and explains how conclusions perceived as rational only work within certain parameters. Postmodernists criticize the statement proposed by Positivism and Rationalism that power and knowledge are irrelevant. They present the Power-Knowledge relationship to let us understand that power in fact produces knowledge and they also propose the i dea that there is no existence of absolute truth.From the Postmodernists perspective, there is always more than one truth existing in an event. Postmodernism also teaches us to employ techniques such as deconstruction and double reading to deconstruct texts and re-consider concepts that are seemingly natural and a matter of course.With regard to the war in Iraq, Postmodernists prefer to portray a wide array of descriptions and explanations than providing just one as the truth. With the world understood as a text, it is important that the textual interplay behind power politics is clearly seen and that we realize that all the references to this text are interpretive. Politicians always provide a reason for the war in Iraq such as It is about democracy and freedom or It is about the abundant oil. Postmodernists do not believe in the existence of only one truth behind the war and try to utilize genealogy, deconstruction and double reading to deeply analyze the text and explore the mult iplicity of reasons.Although there are so many controversies surrounding the emergence and existence of Postmodernism, it is short wrong and unfair to say that Postmodernism does not bring any significant contribution to our IR theory. During the past 20 years, Postmodernists have provided intelligent methodologies like double reading and deconstruction that may enable us to better analyze contemporary political issues. Obviously, Postmodernism plays an important role in the theorization of IR oddly since economic structures, media, political and diplomatic systems have evolved into completely different forms from what they used to be, and they can no longer be easily analyzed by traditional IR theories.

Romanticism :: Romantic Movement Essays

sentimentalists often emphasized the dishful, strangeness, and mystery of nature. Romantic writers expressed their intuition of nature that came from within. The key to this inner piece was the imagination of the writer this frequently reflected their expressions of their inner essence and their posture towards various aspects of nature. It was these attitudes that marked each writer of the Romantic period as a unusual being. These attitudes are greatly reflected in the poem When I Heard the Learned Astronomer by Walt Whitman.Walt Whitman reflects this Romantic attitude in the vocaliser of his poem. He situates the speaker in a lecture about astronomy that the speaker finds precise dull and tedious. Thus the speaker looks past the charts, diagrams and the work that is involved with them and starts to imagine the beauty of the stars alone. Being lifted out of the lecture room, the speaker is freed of his stress and boredom and is able to enjoy the peace and true beauty that the stars embrace.Varying degrees of Romantic attitude has affected many areas in our lives today. A vast area that Romantic attitude has affected is The Arts. The Arts, composed of many types of genre, are composed and interpreted very different. Some people may look at a painting and imagine extremely different attitudes than the artist who painted it had intended. Another area that the Romantic attitude has drastically affected is fashion. As you glance around youll probably observe that very few people dress similar and each mortal has developed their own style of dress. Fashion often reflects a psyches attitude towards life and may express the mood that the particular person has, this gives each person a unique quality to distinguish them from the rest of society.

Conflict Resolution in Groups Essay -- Intergroup Relations Social Psy

Conflict Resolution in GroupsConflict resolution has been researched, analysed and discussed for more years however, it is only until recently that psychologists have gotten involved on a wider scale. Up until then the study of relations has more or less been the refer of political scientists, historians and professionals such as lawyers and diplomats. Much of the social science research has therefore been based on the previous therefore the theories developed give a much deeper insight to the psychological aspects of contradict resolution. In order to discuss conflict resolution, conflict needs to be defined. Chambers (2003) defines conflict is as a violent collision a struggle or contest a battle a mental struggle (pg. 272) This is a general and very resistant definition of the word which has been differently interpreted by psychologists as well as sociologists and economists. Shaw claims that in conflict situations driving forces are involved, combined with restraining forces , own forces and mixed combinations of induced or impersonal forces. All these contribute to a conflict situation. He goes on to explain that driving forces produce conflicts when the person is located mingled with two positive valences, two negative valences or the person themselves. He uses a diagram to lay out this (Appendix 1). In his next diagram he shows an avoidance-avoidance conflict situation is shown. (Appendix 2). Shaw refers to this as a stable conflict situation whereby the conflict usually remains unresolved. The third and last diagram represents two goals which both represent positive and negative valences in the same direction. This he calls the approach-avoidance conflict situation in which conflict is also stable however, people in this situation psychologically think they are in the avoidance-avoidance situation. Conflicts which involve other forces such as driving forces or restraining forces, and these restrictions cant be passed the person may suffice with a ggression, hostility, frustration, apathy or other negative feelings. Shaw believes that conflict can be caused by opposition of forces corresponding to the persons needs, or by induced forces. However, this theory makes petite sense, as Shaw gives the example of an employer giving orders to an employee, may show signs of some kind of power of P ( a boss would have a certain stimulate/power over his/... ...oup, in Henri Tajfel (ed.) Social Identity and Intergroup dealing. Cambridge, UK Cambridge Univ. Press 15-40.Tzeng, O., & Jackson, J (1994) Effects of Contact, Conflict, and Social Identity on Interethnic Group Hostilities, International Journal of Intercultural Relations (vol. 18, No.2) 259-276.Van Knippenberg, A. (1989) Strategies of Identity Management, in J. P. van Oudenhoven & Tineke Willemsen (eds.) Ethnic Minorities Social Psychological Perspectives. Amsterdam, NL Swets & Zeitlinger 59-76.Vayrynen, R. (1991) New Directions in Conflict Theory Conflict Resolution and Conf lict Transformation. capital of the United Kingdom Sage PublicationsVolkan, V. & Itzkowitz, N. (1994). Turks and Greeks Neighbours in Conflict. Huntingdon, England Eothen Press.Volkan, V. (1988) The Need to Have Enemies and Allies From Clinical Practice to International Relationships. Northvale, NJ Jason Aronson.Volkan, V. (1992) Ethnonationalistic Rituals An Introduction, Mind and Human Interaction, Vol. 4 3-19.Woodhouse, T. & Rambotham, O. (2000) Peacekeeping & Conflict Resolution. Portland free-spoken Cass Publications

Downloadable Music Factor Essay -- Downloading Technology Essays

Downloadable Music FactorThroughout the computer industry there has been many pressurizes. It every last(predicate) started out with downloadable computer games, after that there was free game sites, and to complete the advancement of plentys understanding the internet came downloadable music. The millions of dollars in legal fees was a waste of capital for the recording industry. Napsters court trial went on for a long period of while, and lawyers and fines were just ridiculous. Free recording is a great instatement in indian lodge this is the reason why lots of people stay on computers. Within a small period of only 15 months, other networks just stepped into Napsters place. In this paper, there will be several ideas that will discuss that downloading factor of music into todays society. Overall, the arguments and court upbringings, without hesitation I truly take that downloading music is the best complex to be brought about. It is free, recoverible, and downloadable musi c. This is simply based off of what the people want to stay and enjoy doing in the safety of there home. there are many pros to the getting free downloadable music. Number one reason and issue that deals with downloading music is it is free. There is very easy access the procedure consists of a computer and online connection. Once you find the downloadable program you can have resources of all sorts of music. Now because the downloading process as been so easy to access, people rely on it whenever they want to get new tunes. Its almost contradictory to have a program exist for a long time of time and then banish it to no existence, simply impossible in our economy. After having owning a program such as Bluster, Kazaa, people tend to advance to FTP programs and m... .../03/web.music.pirates/Throughout this paper I ran into several issues that were giving me a hard time. I had some problems finding the information on why should it be legal to have free downloadable music. It seems to me that basically it is all legal to download except you cannot resell or distribute the material. There is so much much information on why it should not be legal, but after finding several sites I got the basis of which headion I had to go in. I wish there was more information out there that I had access to. Also because this is a more young issue not overly much has been put out to support free music. In the end if I had a good place to search or a direct title on this subject I would have been better off. I basically went off everything that I had a good grasp on and from recent experience as a frequent music downloader/uploader.

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: essays research papers

The character I chose to do my essay on from the book, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is Tom. If I had to pick at three words of the top of my head that best describes him those words would be fanciful, trickster, and adventurous.The reason I chose fanciful is because Tom reads a lot of fiction books and books near fantasy. Whatever he reads he tries to live out in real life. Since Tom reads fiction and fantasy books he lives by the laws of fantasy not reality. He also told Jim that he had to have a coat of arms before he gets out the shack. Tom said in all books the person escaping unceasingly left behind a coat of arms.The reason that I chose trickster for my second choice is because he showed examples through out the whole book of organism a trickster, like when he snuck out the syndicate with Huck and looked into the window and saw Jim sleeping so Tom decided to go in the house and take of his hat and hang it on the tree outside. So Jim thought that witches did it. Also w hen Jim was locked in the cabin and Tom knew that he was free but he didnt let Jim know and made Jim think he wasnt free and somehow they were going to have to break him out.The last word I chose was adventurous the reason I chose adventurous was because all Tom had to do was steal the key and get Jim out but he said it was to simplified and to boring he wanted it to be harder. Also Tom was willing to dig Jim out with spoons even it took weeks and years. The last thing that showed me he loved adventures